A choice of forum clause will generally not be enforced against a non-party to the contract containing the clause, the Ontario Court of Appeal held in a recent decision arising in the context of credit card payment systems. Aldo (a shoe retailer) sued MasterCard International in tort to recover US$4.87 million that was debited by its payment processor, Moneris, to reimburse certain banks for assessments made by MasterCard International. MasterCard made the assessments after taking the position that Aldo was responsible for a cybercrime attack on its systems because it failed to comply with its data security obligations. Aldo also ... [more] Full article